Genetic Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Genetic Engineering - Essay Example Both genetic and chromosomal abnormalities or anomalies causes diseases such as Sickle cell anemia, Tay sach’s, Phenylketonuria, Thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, polydactyly, Cri-Du Chat, Down’s , Klinefelters etc. But these are just a few names, and there is a long list of genetic disorders that humans may develop either congenitally or in their lifetime. Since genetic diseases cannot be treated or cured pharmacologically, biological researchers have come up with Gene Therapy, the only hope for genetic diseases. Gene therapy is the treatment of diseases by replacing, changing or supplementing a particular gene which is either abnormal or absent and owing to whose abnormality or absence a genetic diseases is developed. Gene Therapy has no chemicals or drugs in its therapy, it simply employs genetic material (DNA) itself as the means of treatment since most, if not all genetic diseases have a genetic factor which maybe wither wholly or partially responsible for the disorder. Gene therapy is a complex procedure that involves transfer of genetic material to the cell nucleus of the patient and this is where Genetic Engineering plays its role. The genetic material that is to be used for therapeutic purposes needs is inserted in a virus vector. The viral vectors are â€Å"genetically engineered† to enter the target cell and are harml ess while its genetic material is replaced with the therapeutic genetic material. These viral vectors or carriers are then inserted into the body. In fact the entire procedure of gene therapy depends on genetic engineering because without which genetic manipulation or handling would not have been possible. Following the completion of the human Genome project, it has become easier to identify or trace faulty genes. Genetic Engineering is a promising field because humans have successfully studied genes and their locus which makes gene manipulation much easier. But, the use of human genetic engineering is

A Leap Further By Being Stiff Essay Example for Free

A Leap Further By Being Stiff Essay The concept of being inflexible or being stiff in making decisions has been conceivably one of the finest characteristic which has served the protagonists in the famous stories made in Asian literature.   Pak Hun in The Descendants of Cain, the student in Ya Dafu’s Sinking and Junshi in Creation, portray a character which in one point or another gives light to what appears to be sturdy sense of personality in the arena of decision making and in the context of survival and collaboration with the other characters in the story.    Perhaps that certain point of personality is nevertheless one of the viable factors why the aforementioned roles portrayed has been greatly regarded by the viewing audience, and in a larger concept, patronized as distinctive and distinguishing for that instance (Anderson). Pak Hun in Hwang Sun-won’s Descendants of Cain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main character of the story is Pak Hun, which is characterized as a passive person with eternally hesitant and ineffectual finesse.   Even though he is placed in a pedestal of social and political turmoil over the issue of survival and the perception of â€Å"not acting is not surviving,† the author gave him a powerful disposition in the love story that he has shared with the married lover, Ojaknyo.   His nostalgic yet inexorable presupposition on how to help the people in his village without compromising his fists just to save the love he has painstakingly pampered has caused him well in leading on to his venture in life and manhood. Unlike the other heroes in most stories, Pak Hun is deprived to act in his own will, driven by the horrors of reality and of what seemed to be his inherited fate in social class and on his manner in taking on the course of life.   Apparently, this so-called stated cowardice has served him the best of his effort, his compassion for others has saved him from the infamous destiny that he has forsaken.   Being sympathetic and sensitive has been a source of syntax towards emotion and a stronger drive for the Hamlet-like character to lead more than what he might further get in return of the â€Å"inflexibility† not to move mountains but to live a life worth living (Choe). The Student in Ya Dafu’s Sinking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The connotation of â€Å"national allegory† in Yu Dafu’s Sinking offers an articulate and interwoven portrayal as represented by the student in the story (Denton).   Consequently, several critics portrayed the character as that which depicts the political situation of China as well as with the state of â€Å"powerlessness† that it is experiencing—gradually that of a modern mind, alienated from the faà §ade of the society, turned in on itself, ultimately divided and desolate for liberalism—psychologically apart from the social milieu. Sexual liberalism was rarely stated in the story, hence, in the general context in deciphering the meaning of the whole gist of the story, it would be seen that the student is after the â€Å"affection† of love and sexual activity—which on the more complex comprehension determines the fatal state of crisis of China in that certain point of time.   The protagonist’s patience and admiration to the flow of what seemed to be â€Å"natural way of life† has saved him from being off the scene of explicit exposure to the red light society which he later finds out to be a beneficial thing within the grasp of the May Fourth dilemma. Those who were behind the bars of desperation have been emotionally convicted in living in agony’s sagacity and apparently making them a part of the unidentified sinking icons in their community.   All of which lead to a single idea that the protagonist himself his leading a social transformation through the light of traditionalism.   Nevertheless, it showed that the point of â€Å"sinking† was happening in a nationalistic schema which in the vortex of the south and traditional China’s scenario, it may be taken to assumption that a moral community has longed for a distant sense of transformation which is clouded by a strike of fantasy and illusion. Junshi in Mao Dun’s Creation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Creaation, published in the year 1928 commences the story with Junshi, an intellectual man experiencing a crisis in life and a flashback of emphasis on failed projects which on the brighter side has made the protagonist gain much by choosing to stick on the result of what has been defined as lacking of revolutionary consciousness.   The ostensibly optimist portrayal with regard to women’s emancipation has been symbolized through Junshi’s stubborn yet sanguine personality which fueled his drive to overcome pessimism (Anderson).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The inflexible and confining ideals that has bewildered Junshi was basically a manifestation on his dream and hope, perceivably, to transform his wife, Xianxian through the advent of providing her with the amenities and educational entities which are aimed to mold her into a fashionable and politically and culturally inclined woman. Junshi then later finds out that his so-called creation of his wife has not given him the ample point of expectation that he wished to have, rather making him the person who is to catch up rather than one to have molded his wife in return.   The very fact that it has weakened his wife’s dependence on him and made her stronger in an astonishing effect—unlike the other characters in the aforementioned stories, inflexibility in Junshi’s case has been unsuccessful and has even made him see himself as a pitiful and apathetic person rather than that which ruled their marriage. Works Cited Anderson, Marston. Beyond Realism: The Eruption of the Crowd. Mao Dun, Zhang Tianyi, and the Social Impediments to Realism: The Regents of the University of California, 1990. Choe, Wolhee. The Descendants of Cain. Pacific Affairs 73.2 (2000): 2. Denton, Kirk A. The Distant Shore: Nationalism in Yu Dafus Sinking. Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) 14 (1992): 107-23.

The Importance Of The Three Strikes Law Criminology Essay

The Importance Of The Three Strikes Law Criminology Essay The three strikes law is a strict mandatory life sentence without parole on offenders convicted of felony crimes. These crimes include murder, robbery in which a deadly weapon was used, rape, or burglary. Differing opinions suggest that three strikes law is unfair and unjust because the law excessively affects African American and Latino men who have a higher representation throughout the criminal justice system. Others suggest that the three strikes law violates the Eighth Amendment of the Bill of Rights; because the law is unjust when convicted of a minor offense still count as a strike. I believe the three strikes law deters crime and future criminal behavior because it assembles the thought of facing tough consequences. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The three strikes law can be best understood within the neoclassical theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is a direct approach to policy making for the prevention and control of crime. It focuses on policies rather than crime causation and less concerned with finding causes of crime, along with finding what deters future criminal behavior. The neoclassical theoretical framework can be coupled with the specific and general deterrence theory. The specific deterrence theory emphasizes a point on the individual itself. The theory explains the discouragement of criminal behavior from future criminal acts by understanding the consequences. General deterrence theory concentrates on the prevention of crime by forging examples of distinguish criminal behavior. It exercises the public view to deter other individuals from committing the same crime. The experience is use to restrain others from perpetrating the same criminal acts. Schafers Argument: 3 Strikes as Deterrence The concept of deterrence is divided into two categories: general deterrence and specific. General deterrence takes place when potential offenders identify the consequences of other peoples actions and decide not to follow into their footsteps. Specific deterrence is triggered when offenders learn from their past. Schafer believes the three strikes laws often are seen as the answer to crime problems in America because it reduces crime either by throwing offenders in jail or deterring potential offenders from committing crimes. (p311) Schafer argues that three strikes law is an effective crime control policy that deters youthful offenders from becoming repeat offenders. In California, statistical evidence is provided by how crime has dropped 26.0 percent since 1994. (p 312) He then proceeds to contend on how juvenile offenders are more likely to be violent throughout their generation. The data he claims suggest that a small number of young offenders commit numerous unpunished crimes because the courts, especially the juvenile justice system, provide the offenders with countless second chances. The three strikes law would reinforce the motivation to change their criminal behavior because the juvenile justice systems do little to rehabilitate or deter young offenders from crime. (p 313) Schafer reinforces his argument by conducting a survey to measures the offenders experiences with the consequences of their crimes. The result of the survey concluded that, 61 percent of the offenders said they would not or probably would not commit a serious or violent crime if they knew their prison sentence would be doubled and 70 percent said that would not or probably would not commit the crime if they knew they would receive life in prison. (p 314) His survey demonstrated a deterrent effect from the root of the source. To conclude Schafers argument, he proved that offenders, who have repeated experiences with the criminal justice system, have learned through their consequences, and the rewards of the criminal act do not outweigh the consequences. Vitiellos Argument: 3 Strikes is not a Deterrent to Violent Crime Vitiello argues that three strikes law have no effect in reducing serious crime and the cost of the law is not beneficial to our society. Vitiello explains three strikes supporters argument is based on empirical data that defines the efficiency of the law. The efficiency of the law is supported by data that does not have a connection with the three strikes law. Reports from California prove that prior to the three strikes law, crime was already declining and after the three strikes, there were no drastic change in crime. Vitiello furthermore argues that when law makers were trying to measure the three strikes deterrent effect, they failed to find a marginal deterrent effect. There was a small change, but there was no significant explanation on the decline in the crime rate. The law itself is not helpful to the criminal justice system. Vitiello compared Californias and the nations crime rate average. He proved that Sectary of State Jones position on how California exceeding the declin e in crime nationwide, cuts both ways was false. The example given was that New Yorks policing polices had problems with crime during the 1990s, but it did not adapted the three strikes law; however, New York, had a higher decline in crime than California. Vitiello also reference the authors of Punishment and Democracy to support his position. The authors of Punishment and Democracy found that the decline in crime rate followed by the three strikes was not the cause of the decline, but the authors found that the decline in the crime rate preceded passage of the law. Even when the law was passed, there was not dramatic change because the crime rate stayed the same. The cause of the crime rate to be neutral was the decline that was operating prior to the passage of the law continued to be the primary reason for the drop in crime rates. Therefore, the three strikes play no role in the decline in crime rate. Overall, Vitiellos argument is based on empirical studies. His research found t hat California would have experience virtually the entire drop in crime without three strikes. ANAYLSIS: Schafers position on the three strikes law deters repeat offenders. Based on his studies, the evidence he provides concludes a convincing argument. Schafer explains how the concept of deterrence reflects on offenders and repeat offenders. Following by his survey, the results created a solid foundation for his argument. The whole idea of general deterrence is very effective. People are likely to commit a crime when the opportunity arises. If the consequence is tough they will be afraid to commit the crime. The creation of three strikes law is to put the fear in peoples mind to make them think twice about violating the law. All it takes a single thought about if its worth it or not. I see the specific deterrence theory as a way to deter repeat offenders. The three strikes helps fix the criminal justice system by putting those who choose to become repeat offenders to stay in jail. Most crimes today are from repeat offenders. From the Bureau of Justice Statistic Special Report, A 2002 st udy survey showed that among nearly 275,000 prisoners released in 1994, 67.5% were rearrested within 3 years, and 51.8% were back in prison. Explaining how more of our prisoners that get convicted are more likely to go back in prison. This is where the three strikes law takes place. We created a barrier for those offenders to think about what they are doing. We make them think about if its worth twenty five years to life. Another effective reason why three strikes is effective is because it targets repeat offenders who fail to change their criminal behavior after the second time. The mandatory twenty five years to life for third time offenders will put them away for a long time and it also keep them off the streets. This type of get tough law has done its part on reducing the crime rate throughout the nation. It serves as a deterrent and its the best weapon we got against repeat offenders. From Analysis of the California Attorney Generals Report, the drop in the crime rate that California has experiences since 1993 is drastically different from the first four year of 1990-1993 where the overall crime rate dropped only 2.4% and the violent crime rate increased 7.3%. When the three strikes law took effect, the crime rate dropped drastically to about 5 %. Some may argue that crime was reducing before the three strikes law. Data shows that crime was dropping before the law was passing, but when the law di d pass, it drastically declined boosting the drop further. Moreover, crime can be seen as a rational choice theory. The theory proposes that offenders measure the opportunities, cost, and benefits of particular crimes. (Hagan.2010. p 101) Hagan referenced Cornish and Clarkes (1986) rational choice theory by explaining how crime is a matter of situational choice and we need to increase the certainty and the severity of the punishment to exclude the temptation and the choice of criminal activity. Therefore, the three strikes law plays that role of decreasing the situational choice, so that crime cannot happen. The cost and benefit of the crime does not equal the punishment. In results, offenders are more likely to disregard criminal behavior because the three strikes law decreases the motivation to commit a crime. CONCLUSION: The three strikes law is used as deterrence. Many argue that its a waste of governments money. Some argue that its the best tool we got against repeat offenders. I personally feel that its the only defense we got against repeat offenders. The theory behind the law supports why the law would work. This law is based on human behavior. The human behavior based on learning from experience and making sure that experience was enough to deter the offender from committing the same act. The three strikes law revolves around the Neoclassical Theory and it deters repeat offenders.

Vertigo and Its Treatment :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Vertigo and Its Treatment In our everyday lives, we almost take for granted this idea of balance or equilibrium that is maintained within our bodies. In general, no real thought processes are required. It is only when something is disturbed within our balance system that one is able to take notice of changes in the equilibrium. There may be several different factors that cause a disturbance to our bodies. One major area pertains to dizziness. Dizziness is found to be "the chief complaint in 8 million physician visits a year" (1). Vertigo is one type of dizziness, causing illusions of movement, that is being researched more and more today because of its widespread symptoms. In order to better understand vertigo, it is first necessary to look into where equilibrium and movement are maintained within the body. Equilibrium in our bodies is coordinated primarily by the brain, specifically at the brainstem, located in the neck area. The environment provides the information necessary for the equilibrium center to determine which position to place the body in. There are three main places in which information is received: the eyes provide visual information, the ears provide vestibular and auditory information, and the articulations provide proprioceptive information. In general, the eyes help position the body according to different horizontal angles in relation to the ground. The ears allow the body to acknowledge any type of movement, such as acceleration or deceleration, by registering various sounds (1). Movement is also processed in parts of the brain, as well as in the ears. The frontal lobes of the brain initiate and coordinate the planning of movements . The basal ganglia, in the ears, add control and fluidity to movements, and the cerebellum processes information from and to the rest of the body. Vertigo is a classification under dizziness that results in a spinning sensation or illusion of movement. (Many people who experience dizzy sensations often do not have vertigo, but instead, are found to have the common lightheadedness). Vertigo arises from disturbances in the vestibular system or neural structures such as the cerebellum, the brain stem, and the proprioceptive fibers along the spine. Symptoms of vertigo include "an unsteadiness sensation when walking, rotary sensations, a sensation of being afloat on the air, feeling of a hollow space in the head, etc" (2). Some autonomic symptoms such as sweating, nausea, and vomitting are found to accompany vertigo attacks (3).

MBA Industry and Porter’s Five Forces Essay

MBA Industry: The MBA school industry includes universities and colleges that offer academic courses and grant graduate degrees. The general requirement for admission is a bachelor’s degree and GMAT ® scores. Some schools and programs also require prior employment experience. Instruction is typically provided on physical campuses, although online education and other unconventional approaches are gaining popularity. For purposes of this paper, for-profit institutions or community colleges are not included in the industry definition. The major forces that affect MBA market are: competition between public and private business schools, buyers of business education including both students and employers, faculty as the key suppliers to the industry, and substitutes in the forms of alternative means of delivering graduate business education. Porter suggests that evaluation of these forces will provide insights into the prospects for long-range profitability1. Competition: The MBA m arket in the United States is an unregulated industry that allows schools to develop their own distinctive styles and personalities, and to define their own missions5. B-Schools consider it their mission to educate and research, but face intense pressure of managing faculty issues, finding new funding sources and distinguishing themselves from competitors9, highlighting the most prominent areas within this category: cost, revenues, and reputation. Reputation is differentiated by rankings and accreditations, specializations and regional focus and flexibility10. Rankings drive how students, faculty, and employers perceive the MBA program. In turn, how students, faculty, and employers perceive the MBA program drives rankings, resulting in developing a brand name for universities, leading schools to expend vast resources in pursuit of being highly ranked or even ranked at all8. The significant costs associated with business education have left room for competitive entry by low cost providers. B-Schools now face the reality that they must compete with the low-cost providers who can turn a profit because they are not burdened with the high fixed costs of the â€Å"bricks and mortar† university4. As tuition alone will not cover the costs of running an MBA program, funding is usually sourced from donations from alumni. Most successful schools are usually ones backed by alumni that are willing and able to give back to their alma  maters. Suppliers: The most important suppliers to the MBA industry are the business school faculty who fill the teaching, research, and administrative roles with any MBA program. There is an increasing demand for qualified business faculty, while simultaneously there is a stagnating or decreasing supply of such faculty. As the pool of high quality, freshly minted Ph.D.’s is diminishing; competition for associate and assistant professors is increasing. Institutions that can afford to bid are becoming more aggressive in recruiting faculty from other schools, inflating salaries beyond what some can afford10. Rising salaries for new hires has encouraged experienced faculty to move to different institutions to receive pay raises of their own, and thus the market continues to stay extremely competitive. Buyers: The buyers of graduate management education are either the students, employers, or both. With respect to the power of student as buyers, both the MBA programs and the students possess some leverage. There is obviously significant demand for the MBA degree from students because they believe that it will enable them to receive greater opportunities in their career, receive a higher salary, or launch them into a new career7. Employer preferences have a significant effect on market for MBAs. The employer’s demand for MBAs dictates the job availability and salary range, which is proportional to demand for MBAs. Employers are always seeking the best value to raise their company’s performance by enhancing employees’ abilities. What employers define as â€Å"benefit,† however, can range from training, which raises employee efficiency to higher-level education, which emphasizes critical thinking and complex problem solving skills. Substitutes: Most participants do not enter to challenge industry leaders but to offer tailored programs that appeal to sub -sets of their prospective students. Top-ranked business schools have little need to worry about substitutes. Consumer demand for the â€Å"Top brand MBA† will always outpace the supply. The same threat to mid and lower tier schools, however, is real. The online and distance learning schools target the same students that would otherwise attend these schools forcing the lower tiered schools to diversify their offerings6. Barriers to Entry: The main barriers to entry for new entrants in MBA industry are infrastructure costs, attracting and retaining good faculty, and gaining accreditation for courses. Schools must have a solid reputation to charge more tuition to attract students and afford good professors that produce strong results among students. Furthermore, it can cost a significant amount of capital to perform research projects, which enable a school to build specialized facilities and can also contribute to a strong reputation. While public schools rely on public funds for financial aid, a large endowment is essential for many institutions.

Creating a new character for a soap Essay

The TV programme I chose to use as my soap is the American show ‘The O.C’ after watching numerous episodes of it in class and at home. I chose this programme because it was one that I was most familiar with, and a programme that I enjoyed watching. ‘The O.C’ is an American show, aimed at a teenage audience, as it follows the lives of teenagers and their families in Orange County, California. It mainly concentrates on the story of Ryan Atwood, a teenager from a rough town and a run down family who throw him out after a run in with the police. Sandy and Kirsten Cohen, who are part of a wealthy family, adopt him, and they invite him to live in their pool house at their home. They already have a son, Seth Cohen, who is your typical nerdy character, whom Ryan becomes brothers with. They both have to deal with life in Orange County, a place that comes across for the rich and good looking. They also have to deal with their relationships with Marissa Cooper, the girl next door when Ryan moves in, and Summer Roberts, Seth’s dream girl. Summer is portrayed as a stereotypical spoiled rich girl, with some snobiness. This is displayed in the first episode, where Summer is at first attracted to newcomer Ryan Atwood, until she finds out he is from Chino, prompting the response â€Å"Chino, eww.† However, different sides to Summer become evident as she develops. It is during her transformation that Summer falls in love with Seth, the boy who was never popular. Marissa also comes from a rich family, as the girl next door. But has a troubled time as her family falls apart. Ryan is the person who has to help her through this. The character that I have decided to create is called Claire Atwood. Claire is the sister of Ryan, but neither of them know they are related when the character is first introduced, and neither do the audience at first. She is fairly tall and slim, with blonde hair, and good-looking features like most of the other female characters in the show. Her good looks are what make her fit in with the show, as she full-fills the male gaze like many of the other female characters. The first scene that introduces the character, is the first day back at school for Ryan, Seth, Summer and Marissa. Seth and Ryan notice her walking down the hallway of the school, and can’t help but stare, as they are instantly attracted to her. They end up being in the same class, and she has to sit right in the middle of both Ryan and Seth. Nobody talks to her in the scene, and we don’t hear her speak either. The camera shows us a shot of her writing her name on a sheet of paper as she finishes her work, and she writes the name ‘Claire Atwood’. Only the audience sees this, and we instantly know that she is related to Ryan, as we know he has the same surname. I think the character would bring a lot to the show, including a sense of humour and irony. Marissa, who becomes Ryan’s girlfriend, becomes jealous of Ryan’s involvement with the new character as he offers to help her to do a school project. But only the audience knows that she is his sister, creating the irony and humour of the situation. The way in which she fits in, is because of her good looks. But Ryan and Seth become more and more suspicious of her, as she never lets anyone come to her house. They both follow her home one-day and discover that she is living in a trailer park. So we see that she doesn’t completely fit in, as she isn’t from a rich family, living in a big house like most of the other characters in Orange County. Ryan goes and knocks on the door of the trailer, and the door is opened by his biological dad, who has just come out of prison. This is when it is discovered that Claire is the sister of Ryan. Later in the programme, we discover that the father had been treating Claire poorly, and she comes to live with The Cohen family too. The character creates a lot of conflict in the show, something that greatly appeals to a lot of audiences. Ryan is very protective of her, and gets into fights with other boys who seem to take an interest in his sister, until Claire tells Ryan to stop being so protective. She is also a character that will attract more females to the show. We have followed the story of Ryan coming from the wrong side of the tracks and getting a chance to live in Orange County, being something that the male viewers can enjoy to watch as they are relating to another male character. But now we can follow the life of Claire, as she also comes from the wrong side of the tracks, in a very similar situation to Ryan’s. She has an aggressive personality, due to her poor upbringing as a child, and at first does not get along with the Cohen family, as she tells them she doesn’t want their help. She also gets into fights with other girls at the school, as she against most people who have wealth and tells everyone that she doesn’t need it. As her relationship as a sister to Ryan becomes stronger, and she becomes best friends with Marissa and Summer, they eventually convince her to move in with the Cohen family. Jamie Parker The first scene The fist scene involving Claire Atwood very much full-fills the male gaze. We see Ryan and Seth talking near their lockers, and they are instantly struck by Claire walking down the hallway. The camera cuts to her feet walking along, and slowly pans upwards to her face, then a long shot of her walking down the corridor towards the camera. The scene is played in slow motion, not only for the male gaze, but also to emphasize the importance of the scene, and the importance of the new character that is being introduced to the program. Because of the scene, we know she is going to have some importance, and not just a one off showing of a insignificant character. Whilst this is being shown, there is fast paced music playing, But as Claire, Ryan and Seth sit down in the classroom, the music slows and becomes more mysterious. The audience knows because of this, that there is something significant and important to this character. The camera zooms into Claire’s hand as she writes her name on the paper. And it is revealed to the audience that she is related to Ryan.

Socialism and capitalism essays

Socialism and capitalism essays While capitalism and socialism have their own strengths and weaknesses in terms of providing various opportunities for the country, socialism provides more for its people. In a socialist government the people are what make the country go round. First off, the large companies are taken over by the government in order to provide general services for the population, housing is provided, along with all other basic needs to survive. Industry is the only area that government has any real control over, they set regulations concerning profit and competition and leave the rest to the people. Small businesses are allowed along with private property, and the opportunity to advance socially. While in the ideal socialist governmentequality would be developed between the social classes, however this is not enforced in most countries that claim to be socialist. There are the rich, middle and lower classes, yet unlike in capitalism there is no class that does not have its basic needs met. In this ty pe of government the rich, middle and lower classes are taxed depending on their salary, the more money made the more the tax. Taxes benefit the people and are used to support programs such as health care. Capitalism has similar traits yet is the opposite of socialism; the government stays out of industry almost completely, except to prevent monopolies from forming in order to ensure fair competition. It also does not provide basic needs and runs off a system in which it is everyone for him or herself. If an individual wants to get ahead and achieve a higher lifestyle or class it is up to them to do it. This is one of the definite weaknesses in this type of government; it provides almost no support for its poverty stricken. Taxes are used to implement economic policies designed by the federal government, and are also used to subsidize various groups of interest such as private banks. Along those lines some taxes are used to supp...

August Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

August Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays Although the United States doesnt celebrate any official holidays during the month of August, the eighth month of the Gregorian calendar does celebrate the birthdays of many famous inventors, writers, scientists, and creators- find out who shares your August birthday. August is also the month when many great inventions, works of art, and scientific discoveries were first patented, trademarked, or copyrighted, so if youre looking for what happened on this day in history during the month of August, theres plenty to discover. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the copyright registration of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to Thomas Edisons invention of the kinetographic  camera, August has celebrated a number of patents, trademarks, and copyrights throughout the years. August 1 1900: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum was copyright registered.1941: The first Jeep rolled off the assembly line, and Willy’s Truck Company was the first company to create a jeep. August 2 1904: A patent for a glass shaping machine was granted to Michael Owen. The immense production of glass bottles and jars today owes its inception to this invention. August 3 1897: The Street Car Controller was patented by Walter Knight and William Potter. August 4 1970: Poppin Fresh was trademark registered by the Pillsbury Company. August 5 1997: Patent Number 5,652,975 was issued for an automatic talking potty apparatus to Glory Hoskin. August 6 1935:  William Coolidge obtained a patent for the cathode ray tube, a critical ingredient of TV and other electronic applications. August 7 1906: The Flexible Flyer was trademark registered.1944: The worlds first program-controlled calculator, popularly called the Harvard Mark I, was inaugurated. The machine was built by Harvard researcher Howard Aiken  and supported by IBM. August 8 1911: Patent Number 1,000,000 was issued to Francis Holton for a vehicle tire. August 9 1898:  Rudolf Diesel of France was granted patent Number 608,845 for an internal combustion engine known as the Diesel engine. August 10 1909: The Ford  trademark was registered by the Ford Motor Corporation. August 11 1942: Hedy Markey received a patent for a secret communication system.1950:  Steve Wozniak was born, the co-founder of Apple Computers. August 12 1930: Clarence Birdseye patented a method for packaging frozen foods. August 13 1890: A publisher copyright registered an edition of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. August 14 1889: The Washington Post March by John Phillip Sousa was copyright registered.1984: IBM released MS-DOS version 3.0. IBM first approached Bill Gates and Microsoft to discuss the state of home computers in 1980. August 15 1989: President George Bush issued a proclamation commemorating the bicentennial anniversary of the first patent and copyright laws. August 16 1949: Patent Number 2,478,967 was granted to Leonard Greene of Mineola, NY for an airplane stall warning device. August 17 1993: Patent Number 5,236,208 was issued to Thomas Welsh for a platform steerable skateboard. August 18 1949:  Plant Patent  Number 1 was issued to Henry Bosenberg of New Brunswick, NJ, for a climbing rose. August 19 1919: Hostess was trademark registered by William B. Ward.1888: The first world beauty contest was held in Belgium, an 18-year-old West Indian woman won. August 20 1930:  Philo Farnsworth patented a television. August 21 1888: The first practical adding listing machine (calculator) was patented by William Burroughs. August 22 1952: The Television Show Adventures of Superman was copyright registered.1932: The BBS began experimental regular television broadcasts. August 23 1977: The name Cincinnati Bengals was trademark registered.1904: The automobile tire chain was patented. August 24 1993: Patent Number 5,238,437 for a Bubble Dispensing Doll was issued to Vowles, Barad, Smith,  and Stern. August 25 1814: The British burnt Washington, D.C., however, the Patent Office was saved by the British Superintendent of Patents, Dr. William Thornton. August 26 1902: Arthur McCurdy obtained a patent for a daylight developing tank for roll film. August 27 1855: Clara Barton became the first female federal employee to achieve equal status when she was hired by the Patent Office as a clerk August 28 1951: Oral B (the famous line of dental products) was trademark registered. August 29 1893: Whitcomb Judson received a patent for the zipper. August 30 1968: The song Hey Jude by John Lennon and Paul McCartney was copyright registered.1994: IBM announced it would not oppose Microsofts attempt to trademark the name Windows. August 31 1897:  Thomas Edison patented a kinetographic camera. August Birthdays From the birth of the famed French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent to that of German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, there are many famous August birthdays. August 1 1849: George Mercer Dawson was a famous Canadian scientist.1889: John F Mahoney developed a penicillin treatment for syphilis.1936: Yves Saint Laurent is considered the greatest French fashion designer of the 20th century. August 2 1834: Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was the French sculptor who patented the  Statue of Liberty.1835:  Elisha Grey  was an inventor who invented the early telephone.1926: Betsy Bloomingdale founded the famous department store. August 3 1959: Koichi Tanaka is a famous Japanese scientist  who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 for work with mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules. August 4 1755: Nicolas-Jacque Conte invented the  modern pencil.1859: Knut Hamsun was a Norwegian writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1920 and wrote many Neo-Romantic novels like Hunger, Mysteries, Pan, and Victoria. August 5 1540: Joseph Justice Scaliger invented Julian dating.1802: Niels H. Abel was a Norwegian mathematician who invented Abels Comparisons.1904: Kenneth Thimann was a famous botanist.1906:  Wassily  Leontief was a Russian-American economist who won the Nobel Prize in 1973. August 6 1859: J. Arthur S. Berson was a famous Austrian meteorologist who made famous hot air balloon flights over the Amazon.1867: James Loeb was a famous American businessman who financially helped to found the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry.1908: Sol Adler was a famous economist who invented Sinophile. August 7 1779: Carl Ritter was the co-founder of the modern science of geography.1783: John Heathcoat invented lace-making machinery.1870: Gustav Krupp was a famous German businessman.1880: Ernst Laqueur was a famous microbiologist who discovered sexual hormones.1886: Louis Hazeltine was the inventor of the  neutrodyne  circuit that made the  radio  possible.  1903: Louis Leakey was a famous anthropologist who won the 1964  Richard  Hooper Medal. August 8 1861: William Bateson was a famous English biologist who invented the term genetics.1901: Ernest Lawrence was a famous scientist and inventor who invented the Cyclotron and won the Nobel Prize in 1939.1902: Paul Dirac was a famous English physicist who invented quantum mechanics and won the Nobel Prize in 1933.1922: Rudi Gernreich was a famous designer who invented the first womens topless swimsuit and the miniskirt.1931: Roger Penrose was a famous English physicist. August 9 1819: William Thomas Green Morton was a dentist that invented the use of ether in  dentistry.1896: Jean Piaget was a famous Swiss developmental psychologist and zoologist.1897: Ralph Wyckoff was a pioneer of x-ray crystallography.1911: William A. Fowler was a famous astrophysicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1983.1927: Marvin Minsky was a famous computer scientist at MIT who made inventions related to artificial intelligence. August 10 1861: Almroth Wright was a famous English bacteriologist. August 11 1858: Christian Eijkman was a famous bacteriologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1929.1926: Bernard Ashley was a famous English fashion designer who founded Laura Ashley.1950:  Steve Wozniak  was a computer inventor and the co-founder of  Apple Computers. August 12 1930:  George Soros is a famous Hungarian businessman and funder  for political movements who was worth $8 billion in 2017. August 13 1655: Johann Christoph Denner was the inventor of the  clarinet.1814: Anders Jonas Engstrom was a Swedish physicist who co-invented the spectroscope.1819: George Gabriel Stokes was a famous physicist and mathematician who co-invented the spectroscope.1888:  John Logie Baird  was a Scottish inventor of a television system.1902: Felix Wankel was a German inventor who invented the Wankel rotary-piston engine.1912: Salvador Luria was an Italian-American biologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1969.1918: Frederick Sanger was an English biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1958 and 1980. August 14 1777:  Hans Christian Oersted  was a famous Dutch physicist and chemist who wrote View of Chemical Law and was an early experimenter in the field of electromagnetism.1861: Bion Joseph Arnold was a famous electrical engineer and inventor.1883:  Ernest Just  was a famous biologist who pioneered cell division.1903: John Ringling North was a famous circus director who co-founded the Ringling Brothers Circus. August 15 1794: Elias Fries was a famous Swedish botanist who invented the  system a  mycologicium.1892: Louis-Victor, Prince of Broglie was a French physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1929.1896: Leon Theremin was an electronic musical instrument inventor who invented the Theremin. August 16 1845: Gabriel Lippmann was a famous French physicist who invented the first color photographic plate and was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics for this process.1848: Francis Darwin was a famous English scientist and the son of Charles Darwin who carried on his work.1862: Amos Alonzo Stagg was a  football pioneer  and the inventor of the tackling dummy.1892: Harold Foster was a famous cartoonist who invented Prince Valiant.1897: Robert Ringling was a circus master who co-founded the Ringling Brothers Circus.1904: Wendell Stanley was a famous biochemist and the first to crystallize a virus, for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1946. August 17 1870: Frederick Russell invented the first successful typhoid fever vaccine.1906: Hazel Bishop was a famous chemist and  cosmetics  manufacturer who invented the first indelible or smear-proof lipstick. August 18 1834: Marshall Field founded the  Marshall Field Department Store.1883: Gabrielle Coco Chanel was a famous French fashion designer who invented the house of Chanel.1904: Max Factor, Jr. was the CEO of Max Factor Cosmetics and son of the founder and inventor  Max Factor.1927: Marvin Harris was a famous American scientist. August 19 1785: Seth Thomas invented the mass production of  clocks.1906:  Philo T Farnsworth  was the inventor of electronic TV.1919: Malcolm Forbes was a famous publisher who founded Forbes Magazine. August 20 1908: Kingsley Davis was a sociologist who invented the term population explosion. August 21 1660: Hubert Gautier was an engineer who wrote the first book on bridge-building.1907: Roy Marshall was a well-known scientist who narrated The Nature of Things. August 22 1860:  Paul Nipkow  was a German TV pioneer and inventor.1920: Denton Cooley was a heart surgeon who performed the first artificial heart transplant. August 23 1926: Clifford Geertz was a famous cultural anthropologist and ethnographer who described culture as a system of symbols and actions which convey meaning.1928: Vera Rubin was a famous American scientist who discovered dark matter.1933: Manfred Donike was a famous chemist who invented drug testing. August 24 1880: Joshua Cowen was a scientist who helped invent the  flashlight  and invented the electric toy train.1898: Albert Claude was a Belgian cytologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1974 for discoveries of cell structure and function.1918: Ray McIntire was the chemical engineer who invented  styrofoam. August 25 1841: Theodor Kocher was a Swiss surgeon and thyroid specialist who won the Nobel Prize in 1909.1916: Frederick Robbin was an American bacteriologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1954. August 26 1740:  Joseph Montgolfier  was a French aeronaut who invented successful hot air ballooning.1743: Antoine Lavoisier was a famous French scientist who invented the term oxygen.1850: Charles Richet was a French physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1913.1906: Albert Sabin was a Russian-American microbiologist who invented the oral polio vaccine.1951: Edward Witten is a famous American mathematician and theoretical physicist who won the 2008 Crafoord Prize in Mathematics. He helped develop string theory and developed mathematical processes to solve the multi-dimensional equations of string theory. August 27 1770: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher and inventor who furthered the field of idealism.1874: Karl Bosch was a German chemist and the founder of BASF who won the Nobel Prize in 1931.1877: Charles Stewart Rolls was a British auto manufacturer and founder of Rolls-Royce Ltd who invented the Rolls-Royce.1890: Man Ray was an American artist and photographer who invented the Dada movement. August 28 865: Rhazes was a famous ground-blazing Persian physician.1878: George Hoyt Whipple was an American astrophysicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1934.1917: Jack Kirby was a famous cartoonist who co-invented the X-Men, Incredible Hulk, Captain America, Fantastic Four, and Thor. August 29 1561: Bartholomeus Pitiscus was a German mathematician who invented trigonometry.1876:  Charles Kettering  was an American inventor who invented the auto self-starter ignition.1904: Werner Forssman was a German urologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1956.1959: Stephen Wolfram was an English computer scientist who invented the computational software Mathematica. August 30 1852: Jacobus Henricus was a Dutch physical chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1901.1884: Theodor Svedberg was a Swedish chemist who worked with colloids and won the Nobel Prize in 1926.1912: Edward Purcell was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1952.1927: Geoffrey Beene was an American dress designer who won eight Coty Awards.   August 31 1663: Guillaume Amontons was a famous French physicist.1821: Hermann von Helmholtz was a famous German physicist.1870: Maria Montessori was a famous Italian educator who invented the term spontaneous response.1889: A. Provost Idell invented modern volleyball.

Aggression in Humans Essay Example for Free

Aggression in Humans Essay ? There are many different reason why a person may act aggressively towards other human being. The person may act this way because of his background or the way he/she was brought up in life. A person does not; act this way based on natural feeling alone. Is more like a melded, learned behavior. A human being must have both environmental and instinctual factors in order to show aggression. Some of a person’s natural instincts are to desire food, reject some things, escape from danger, fight in a dangerous situations or when challenged. As well also sex desire, care for the young, control, and to accept substandard status. This combination of both instincts and environment determines a person’s behavior and actions throughout life. This is based on the theory that everything human beings do would have to be learned from other human beings. Aggression must be learned as we grow. It is not just simply there from the moment of birth. A person behavior is something that is taught to him rather than being an unmanageable instinct. For example, a newborn baby is breathing because it is an uncontrolled reaction. But on the other hand, a father may tell his young son to beat up the school buly who is picking on him. As a result, the boy is dealing with the situation by using violence. In order for a human being to display aggression, violence and anger, it must be driven by an instinct interacting with that person’s surroundings. The word instinct is defined as â€Å"an inherited or innate psycho-physical disposition which determines its possessor to perceive, and to pay attention to, objects of a certain class, to experience an emotional excitement of a particular quality upon perciving such an object, and to act in regard to its particular manner, or, at least, to experience an impulse to such action.† This definition, explains that people have different reactions for different situations they are put in. Therefore, an individual is expected to act a certain way when he is encouraged to do so from his surrounding environment. For example, an Eskimo does not have an inborn instinct that allows him to survive in his climate. He has to work with his people in order to survive when he is at a very young age. Furthermore, when people are brought up in a society, they learn a certain way of life and traditions. These customs are usually taught to them because it’s part of their society’s way of life, even if some of the customs may be brutal and horrible to others. For example, cannibalism is distasteful to us, but in some prehistoric cultures, to eat an enemy is to gain his or her strength. This aggressive behavior was taught to the people of this culture and is the cause for its existence. People need to have contact with aggressiveness in society in order to act aggressive. For example, there was a tribe in New Guinea, who were violent warriors that were always fighting and killing each other. The children of these people learned this aggressive act from their parents and then acted in the same way. A parent’s method of child rearing has a huge impact on the child’s aggression. For example my own brother found a way, which will convince my parents to buy him what he wants. All he has to do is cry and if he doesn’t get what he wants he will start smashing, kicking and throwing thinks that he find around him. Moreover, when a group of people are isolated, their behavior does not change unless they interact with other people. There was tribe made up of a group of people who were completely isolated fro the rest of the world. They did not show any signs of aggression due to the fact that they had no words for weapon, aggression, anger or war. All they did was gathering food. So the tribe and had no use for weapons. The tribe only used knives and other things that might be thought as weapons or tools to gather food. They even rejected the spear, the bow and arrow because they could not use them to gather food. There could not been anything in their genetic makeup that made them act in an aggressive or peaceful manner. This was just their way of life that was taught from generation to generation, to gather food which was needed to survive. The source of human aggression lies in factors such as society and culture. Aggression is a learned emotion that is built up on different factors in a person’s surrounding environment. It the combination of environment, society and culture that creates aggressive behavior. It is the person’s instincts that are the basis for the three. While one tribe is a peaceful group of people, and the other a group of aggressive warriors. Both of the tribes had  the ability for aggression and peaceful life but it was their environment, society and culture that have driven them to choose totally opposite paths. Aggression in Humans. (2016, Jun 19).

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Psychology - Essay Example Discrimination among the African American can not be ignored. This is because among them there are people of different ethnic groups and stereotyping is common. In western psychology problems are addressed at individual level. They focus on addressing such issues at individual level rather than in a collective form. In African American culture this is not suitable as one should include others in addressing these problems. Individualistic nature is also found among the African Americans. These individualistic traits are value for individual confidentiality, competition and uniqueness. According to (Belgrave and Allison, 2009), for someone to offer better services to the African Americans you must convince them collectively but not as individuals. There is more power in convincing a group rather than an individual. Western psychology emphasizes more on prediction and control. For them time is an article of trade to be bought and sold (Akbar. 1991a). Time for them is vital to predict and control what they are doing. Emphasis on prediction and control has brought misunderstanding of cultures that do not exercise prediction and control. This in contrast among Africans where time is not very important and it only exists to fulfill the needs of the people. African Americans have been labeled as people with no orientation for time and future. In western psychology this is viewed as a negative trait. Arriving late for an African American is acceptable and there is no problem with that (Belgrave and Allison, 2009). The western psychology is valid to say that African Americans do not have a proper orientation towards prediction and control. Although they may take this negatively, proper prediction and control is necessary for personal and communal wellbeing. Too much emphasis on the same will look disc riminatory to the African Americans. The western people assume

Design your own Healthcare Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Design your own Healthcare Organization - Essay Example Recruiting healthcare providers for rural health facilities is a very difficult endeavour. Rural areas evaluating these attempts confront further problems, such as availability of sufficient time for recruitment and inadequate financial resources to offer premium services. They usually have inadequate knowledge of potential healthcare delivery alternatives (Vetter-Smith et al., 2012). Thus, I will design a new rural health care unit that will address these abovementioned concerns. The name of the organization is County of Newell Primary Care (CNPC). The type of unit is a rural health clinic. Rural communities are experiencing scarcities in healthcare providers due to having a larger number of elderly locals simultaneously with the increasing number of retiring healthcare providers. According to Glasser and associates (2003), the Urban and Rural Health Chartbook reports greater health inequalities confronting rural populations. Young adults and children in rural areas have the highest rates of mortality, and rural inhabitants have the largest number of fatalities due to accidents and vehicle-caused damages. Rural males are mostly prone to heart illnesses and suicide; rural females are mostly at risk of obesity; and rural populations are more susceptible to smoking (Glasser et al., 2003). Most of the time rural residents, especially the elderly, have to travel far to obtain medical services. Thus, it is important to form adequately staffed and premium healthcare clinics in rural areas. Mission Statement and Values The mission of County of Newell Primary Care is to offer inexpensive, inclusive, and efficient primary healthcare to individuals in the County of Newell, Alberta. CNPC is dedicated to enhancing the education and training of healthcare providers by developing educational programmes for healthcare delivery. The vision for the CNPC is to be the leading health care facility in the County of Newell which provides comprehensive and integrated primary care ser vices involving mental health, preventive care, nutrition, dental procedures, and medical practice. To be the leading health care facility in the County of Newell we are highly educated, trained, and experienced in patient management and are known for providing premium, inexpensive, compassionate, courteous health care services for everybody. In essence, our behaviour and activities give reality to our mission. As a rural health care clinic, we are committed to supporting the population by offering services derived from the following values: affordability—provision of reasonably priced services, and performance of activities that give support to vulnerable individuals; accessibility—provision of accessible, inclusive services; integrity—every action or operation will be performed based on ethical standards; quality—provision of premium, modernised health care services; patient-oriented services—patients will be encouraged to take part in the decisi on making process with regard to their care. The objective of the County of Newell Primary Care is to enhance the quality of patient care, interaction, problem-solving skills, and retention of rural nurses. The programme was based on a specific set of values. Nurses gain knowledge of and become skilled at rural nurse practices when they establish objectives and evaluate results; when the rural nursing field is acknowledged and understood; and when familiarised and engaged into the facility and the community. Organizational Chart Numerous

Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journals - Essay Example Therefore, Sufi orders otherwise known as turuql could either be Sunni Shii, or a combination of both doctrines. However, it is interesting to know that most of the turuql originate from Islamic Prophet  Muhammad. Very interesting though, is the fact that sufis strongly believe in the ideologies of peace, pacifism, and tolerance. Nevertheless, although sufi devotion is appreciated by many tenets of muslims, Wahhabi  and Salafist  Muslims have a strong opposition to sufi devotion. Learning and understanding sufi devotion has indeed enlightened me on this unique way of Islamic worship. I certainly support this kind of devotion since it encourages the followers to purify their hearts as they do so. However, I find it very interesting that sufi devotion is somewhat similar to Christian worship especially when Christian go for fasting and prayer. However, what I fail to perceive is the reason why Wahhabi  and Salafist  Muslims have a strong opposition to sufi devotion considerin g the way sufi devotion seems good and interesting. I also think that sufi devotion was the ultimate God’s idea of having an intimate relationship with his people. Looking at Buddhism, Buddha’s appreciate the need for meditation as a way of connecting with divine power. Therefore, sufi devotion is a form of worship done in different ways in different religions but having different names. Modernity Undeniably, the term modernity has different dimensions of definition depending on what is being studied. However, modernity simply means the paradigm shift from feudalism to secularized world. Modernity is often seen through different lens such as capitalism, industrialization, technological advancement, religious ideologies among others. Modernity can also refer to as the element of enlightenment. Modernity within the Islamic context arguably began in Turkey where tremendous change of religious, cultural, scientific, as well as legal ideologies surfaced. Interestingly, the adoption of modernity was not a uniform phenomenon. Indeed, there existed different groups of people that did not embrace modernity. This explains why we still have conservatism in all religions. For instance, Islam is arguably divided into different significant groups. However, conservatism is still appreciated in many Islamic tenets. Nevertheless, those who appreciate modernism have very often maintained that the spirit of reason in the original message of Islam be incorporated in modern lifestyle. Although I am not old enough to have seen the change from the traditional aspect to modernity, I can still perceive the idea through the reading. I strongly feel that modernity has changed many aspects of life including religious thoughts and ideologies. However, I think God, in his mighty power, had foreseen the modern lifestyle and had therefore made religion compatible with modernity. Therefore, as we seek to embrace modernity in all other aspects, I believe that modernity should als o be embraced within the religious context. However, the arguments presented by those who do not support modernity in religion are also important in making sure that modernists do not go beyond what is expected of them. Reading about modernity and conservatism in the same reading is indeed a worthwhile endeavor. Muhammad Muhammad is believed to be the spiritual leader of the Islamic religion. Muhammad born in approximately 570 CE was a religious leader but more notably, he was also a religious and political leader as well.

Design your own Healthcare Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Design your own Healthcare Organization - Essay Example Recruiting healthcare providers for rural health facilities is a very difficult endeavour. Rural areas evaluating these attempts confront further problems, such as availability of sufficient time for recruitment and inadequate financial resources to offer premium services. They usually have inadequate knowledge of potential healthcare delivery alternatives (Vetter-Smith et al., 2012). Thus, I will design a new rural health care unit that will address these abovementioned concerns. The name of the organization is County of Newell Primary Care (CNPC). The type of unit is a rural health clinic. Rural communities are experiencing scarcities in healthcare providers due to having a larger number of elderly locals simultaneously with the increasing number of retiring healthcare providers. According to Glasser and associates (2003), the Urban and Rural Health Chartbook reports greater health inequalities confronting rural populations. Young adults and children in rural areas have the highest rates of mortality, and rural inhabitants have the largest number of fatalities due to accidents and vehicle-caused damages. Rural males are mostly prone to heart illnesses and suicide; rural females are mostly at risk of obesity; and rural populations are more susceptible to smoking (Glasser et al., 2003). Most of the time rural residents, especially the elderly, have to travel far to obtain medical services. Thus, it is important to form adequately staffed and premium healthcare clinics in rural areas. Mission Statement and Values The mission of County of Newell Primary Care is to offer inexpensive, inclusive, and efficient primary healthcare to individuals in the County of Newell, Alberta. CNPC is dedicated to enhancing the education and training of healthcare providers by developing educational programmes for healthcare delivery. The vision for the CNPC is to be the leading health care facility in the County of Newell which provides comprehensive and integrated primary care ser vices involving mental health, preventive care, nutrition, dental procedures, and medical practice. To be the leading health care facility in the County of Newell we are highly educated, trained, and experienced in patient management and are known for providing premium, inexpensive, compassionate, courteous health care services for everybody. In essence, our behaviour and activities give reality to our mission. As a rural health care clinic, we are committed to supporting the population by offering services derived from the following values: affordability—provision of reasonably priced services, and performance of activities that give support to vulnerable individuals; accessibility—provision of accessible, inclusive services; integrity—every action or operation will be performed based on ethical standards; quality—provision of premium, modernised health care services; patient-oriented services—patients will be encouraged to take part in the decisi on making process with regard to their care. The objective of the County of Newell Primary Care is to enhance the quality of patient care, interaction, problem-solving skills, and retention of rural nurses. The programme was based on a specific set of values. Nurses gain knowledge of and become skilled at rural nurse practices when they establish objectives and evaluate results; when the rural nursing field is acknowledged and understood; and when familiarised and engaged into the facility and the community. Organizational Chart Numerous

Assignment 3 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Movie Review Example Thus, youths in The Outsiders join gangs in self defense. What crime activity they did? Youth in The Outsiders committed a myriad of crimes, all of which can be best defined by two basic activities of crime, namely the shoplifting and manslaughter. How we respond to Gang activity? Gang activity can be responded to by providing the defenseless children with protection and security. Much of the violence greasers are exposed to is because of their poverty. Thus, providing the poor children with facilities and doing charity work are some ways in which we can respond to the gang activity. Colors Why did the youth join the Gang? In the movie Colors, the leader of the Hispanic gang discloses to the cop that he would not like his younger brother to join a gang when he is grown up. The leader regrets being the way he is and would not like to see his younger brother in his boots taking into consideration all that happened to him in the past. In spite of this, the younger brother imitates the e lder brother and cultivates a desire to be like him, and ultimately he becomes a member of a gang just like the Hispanic leader did one day. Thus, the younger brother joins gang because of his elder brother’s association with one. Had the elder brother not been part of a gang, the younger might not have opted to be part of one as well.

Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journals - Essay Example Therefore, Sufi orders otherwise known as turuql could either be Sunni Shii, or a combination of both doctrines. However, it is interesting to know that most of the turuql originate from Islamic Prophet  Muhammad. Very interesting though, is the fact that sufis strongly believe in the ideologies of peace, pacifism, and tolerance. Nevertheless, although sufi devotion is appreciated by many tenets of muslims, Wahhabi  and Salafist  Muslims have a strong opposition to sufi devotion. Learning and understanding sufi devotion has indeed enlightened me on this unique way of Islamic worship. I certainly support this kind of devotion since it encourages the followers to purify their hearts as they do so. However, I find it very interesting that sufi devotion is somewhat similar to Christian worship especially when Christian go for fasting and prayer. However, what I fail to perceive is the reason why Wahhabi  and Salafist  Muslims have a strong opposition to sufi devotion considerin g the way sufi devotion seems good and interesting. I also think that sufi devotion was the ultimate God’s idea of having an intimate relationship with his people. Looking at Buddhism, Buddha’s appreciate the need for meditation as a way of connecting with divine power. Therefore, sufi devotion is a form of worship done in different ways in different religions but having different names. Modernity Undeniably, the term modernity has different dimensions of definition depending on what is being studied. However, modernity simply means the paradigm shift from feudalism to secularized world. Modernity is often seen through different lens such as capitalism, industrialization, technological advancement, religious ideologies among others. Modernity can also refer to as the element of enlightenment. Modernity within the Islamic context arguably began in Turkey where tremendous change of religious, cultural, scientific, as well as legal ideologies surfaced. Interestingly, the adoption of modernity was not a uniform phenomenon. Indeed, there existed different groups of people that did not embrace modernity. This explains why we still have conservatism in all religions. For instance, Islam is arguably divided into different significant groups. However, conservatism is still appreciated in many Islamic tenets. Nevertheless, those who appreciate modernism have very often maintained that the spirit of reason in the original message of Islam be incorporated in modern lifestyle. Although I am not old enough to have seen the change from the traditional aspect to modernity, I can still perceive the idea through the reading. I strongly feel that modernity has changed many aspects of life including religious thoughts and ideologies. However, I think God, in his mighty power, had foreseen the modern lifestyle and had therefore made religion compatible with modernity. Therefore, as we seek to embrace modernity in all other aspects, I believe that modernity should als o be embraced within the religious context. However, the arguments presented by those who do not support modernity in religion are also important in making sure that modernists do not go beyond what is expected of them. Reading about modernity and conservatism in the same reading is indeed a worthwhile endeavor. Muhammad Muhammad is believed to be the spiritual leader of the Islamic religion. Muhammad born in approximately 570 CE was a religious leader but more notably, he was also a religious and political leader as well.

Assignment 3 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Movie Review Example Thus, youths in The Outsiders join gangs in self defense. What crime activity they did? Youth in The Outsiders committed a myriad of crimes, all of which can be best defined by two basic activities of crime, namely the shoplifting and manslaughter. How we respond to Gang activity? Gang activity can be responded to by providing the defenseless children with protection and security. Much of the violence greasers are exposed to is because of their poverty. Thus, providing the poor children with facilities and doing charity work are some ways in which we can respond to the gang activity. Colors Why did the youth join the Gang? In the movie Colors, the leader of the Hispanic gang discloses to the cop that he would not like his younger brother to join a gang when he is grown up. The leader regrets being the way he is and would not like to see his younger brother in his boots taking into consideration all that happened to him in the past. In spite of this, the younger brother imitates the e lder brother and cultivates a desire to be like him, and ultimately he becomes a member of a gang just like the Hispanic leader did one day. Thus, the younger brother joins gang because of his elder brother’s association with one. Had the elder brother not been part of a gang, the younger might not have opted to be part of one as well.

Costa Coffee Essay Example for Free

Costa Coffee Essay 1. Executive summary In this business report we are analysing the business environment in which our company – BESO and its main competitor – Costa Coffee operate. The main objective is to research, analyse and understand the competitor’s business strategy, to find out if there is a gap in their action plan and how we can take advantage of this. The report consists of SWOT analysis of BESO and PEST analysis of both companies. The target markets of both – BESO and Costa Coffee are similar. That makes the competition between them even bigger. The report also discusses the marketing approach and the various advertising campaigns conducted by Costa Coffee and the advertising techniques we decide to adopt in the long run. The distribution system of Costa Coffee is also considered and plans to expand to different locations. The pricing strategy of BESO is based closely to the strategy of Costa Coffee as we have adopted competitive pricing. In terms of ethical issues we examined the various types of corporate social responsibilities of Costa Coffee. 2. Introduction. The business report includes an analysis of Costa Coffee as a main competitor of BESO Coffee. The report examines the business environment where both companies operate in. It has been requested from the Marketing Director of BESO and also has to be focused only on the UK market. 3. BESO – Brief history BESO Coffee is a coffee chain settled in the UK in 2001. It has been established by an independent trader but later on when the business has grown, new stakeholders appeared. At first BESO’s target market was limited as well as the products it offered- only a few types of coffee and limited types of confectionary. However, only two years after launching BESO on the market it became popular through different groups of people, therefore the menu became much diversified and the target market as well. BESO has shown great performance during the years and has become one of the most recognized names on the current market. That is why Costa Coffee is determined as a main competitor of BESO. 4 5 The Marketing Profession 4. SWOT and PEST analysis 4. 1. SWOT analysis Strengths †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Efficient and trained staff Customer loyalty Brand recognition High quality coffee Friendly and relaxing atmosphere for our customers. Weaknesses †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Limited number of outlets Low levels of advertisement Interior design needs updating More range of the types of coffee available. Continual change in consumer taste Can be seen as an unhealthy product Opportunities †¢ Based in Central London which covers a large demographic of customers Olympics 2012 will bring in more sales Introduction of new products including healthy options. Retailing mugs and coffee equipment Threats †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Customers demanding fair-trade and organic coffee. Big chain coffee shops dominating the market. Economic issues and crisis Lack of ownership of primary resources e. g. Coffee farming. †¢ †¢ †¢ 4. 2. PEST analysis There are many different Political, Economic, Social and Technological issues that both our company and also Costa Coffee face within the coffee industry. Firstly, the first political issue to consider is that majority of coffee beans are brought and made in developing countries, so companies need to ensure that their coffee is made by fair-trade dealers and they need to consider the ethical conditions of the labor used. Another political issue includes all the taxes and tariffs incurred by any business operating within the UK, whether it be import tariffs or VAT on goods sold. The economic factors that our companies face are similar to the issues faced by many businesses within the whole goods and services market, this including the economic recession of 2008. Customers now have less disposable income to spend and as a result cut-down on the purchasing of non-vital goods. This is due to of unemployment rising and the levels of debt increasing. The social factors that need to be taken into consideration is that consumers are spending more money on coffee due to the demand for quality goods. This can be seen in the comparison of value of tea and coffee industry with coffee valuing at 738 million according to the Times (2008). As a result, companies need to ensure that buying coffee is not only a quick purchase, as they need to have value-added for customers including high quality coffee and a relaxing 5 6 The Marketing Profession atmosphere. Lastly, the technological issues that both our company and Costa face is the introduction of self-made home coffee by the use of coffee machines specifically tailored to make at home, for example, the Senseo coffee-machines. This can be seen as a threat to coffee shops as it is a cheaper alternative for customers in the long run. 5. Target market According to a Mintel report titled Coffee Shops published February 2012, Two thirds of consumers buy coffee out of home, rising to three in four among 16-24-year-olds as core users. Costa Coffee has the highest number of outlets within the UK totaled to 1,302 coffee shop chains as opposed to Starbucks who has 739 and Caffe Nero with 509 shops. It also claimed that Costa has different store designs to suit different purposes such as ‘Metro’ which is aimed at the younger/urban consumers and ‘Evolution’ which is designed for more mature customers in provincial locations. It states its customer segments are ‘Recharge, Relax, Refuel’. Therefore the target market for Costa Coffee ranges from a wide range of customers of different ages as it caters to many different needs. Students have been said to make up 30% of their target market, Professionals 45%, Families 10% and mature consumers 15% of the clientele. At BESO Coffee, our market we aim to target at is very wide as it ranges from teenagers to mature customers. We even target at families as we offer menus for younger children and parents. Our products are reasonably priced so it can be bought from people of many different income level groups, from working to upper class. 6. Marketing approaches Costa coffee have used many different marketing approaches and campaigns in order to succeed within the industry as it is important to continually update their marketing strategies. Costa has introduced campaigns such as How Do You Like Yours’, which allowed customers to customize their coffees by for example adding espresso or syrup. This helps them differentiate themselves from competitors as it gives consumers more power and control over their purchase. Another campaign introduced by Costa was the arrival of Costa light in 2011, which offered low-calorie and healthier options to customers. This was an important step for Costa as there has been an increase in healthy eating trends, which can be seen in the figure below. Figure: Consumer demand for display of calorie content on restaurant menus, June 2010-December 2011 6 7 The Marketing Profession. Other campaigns included the launch of Costa Coffee Gift Card in November 2011 which allowed customers to buy card with pre-paid amounts of up to ? 75 and a more recent campaign at the beginning of 2012 when Costa collaborated with the Spirit Pub Company which ensured that Costa coffee would be used in its restaurants chains including Chef Brewer and Flaming grill. Costa has used many forms of media to advertise their campaigns to the public. One method used to inform customers was through the use of television advertising in 2008 whereby Costa launched its first ad. The advert helped to illustrate the superiority of Costas products and according Reynolds (2010) its message was that the brand is on a mission to save the world from mediocre coffee and seven out of 10 coffee lovers prefer Costa. Other forms of media used by Costa include Billboards as it can be seen by many commuters within the UK by their use of big bold writing and minimal distraction of the main message. Their billboards are distinctive as they have a continual theme colour, text and logo, which are recognised by customers. Our approach to our marketing campaign is to use alternative uses of media to portray our message, including the use of the Internet, as it is a popular form of media used in today’s society. We aim to use Facebook and Twitter to advertise our campaign and the company as a whole as it covers a large demographic. 7. Distribution strategy Costa operates in the UK through its own coffee shops, franchises and wholesale outlets. On the18th of October 2011, Whitbread stated that the number of Costa UK stores had risen from 1,217 in March 2011 to 1,302 in September 2011, including 95 openings and ten store closures. In comparison, Costa International increased its stores from 654 to 701 during the same period, including 72 openings and 25 closures. Meanwhile Costa Express/Coffee Nation units increased from 877 in March 2011 to 934 in September 2011, taking account of 79 openings and 22 closures. These units are partnered with service station operators such as Moto, Esso and Welcome Break, retailers like Tesco and The Co-Operative and foodservice group Compass (Mintel 2012). In a market with low loyalty levels, advertising and promotion is important in keeping brands in the forefront of consumers’ minds. Costa Coffee looked to sustain an emotional response among consumers with the marketing supporting its launch of Costa Light variant in autumn 2011 through an advertising campaign that used slogans such as ‘All the love, none of the handles’ and ‘Extra feel good in every cup’ (Mintel 2012) Customers were also encouraged to see the lighter side of life with its Costa Light Comedy Challenge competition. Costa’s aim was to showcase up-and-coming comedians by asking them to submit a one-minute film via its website. A public vote then saw the top ten entries from five regions go through to a further round to be judged during one-off events across the UK, with the campaign finally culminating in two regional winners performing at The Comedy Store, London (Mintel 2012). Costa Coffee’s distribution system is broad with a balanced portfolio across high streets, retail parks, concessions, airports, rail and other travel hubs as well as an increasing number of stores in new locations such as universities and hospitals. Innovative distribution channels, such as Costa Express and Drive Thru are developed. They will extend the brand’s reach and increase accessibility for the customer (Whitbread, 2010). 7 8 The Marketing Profession Andy Harrison, chief executive of Whitbread said that popping out for a coffee has become a firm fixture of peoples lives. â€Å"Coffee culture has grown massively over the last five to 10 years – people have a real demand for quality coffee and a choice of different coffees, he said. When I was kid everyone wanted a Nescafe – that has definitely changed. (The Guardian 2011). 8. Pricing strategy. Costa Coffee is a well-known, high valued and trusted cafeteria all over the world. They offer wide range of high qualitative coffee drinks and food, excellent services and relaxing atmosphere. Costa relies on their superiorities and offer comparatively higher prices because they have realized that the luxury comes with the price. Costa Coffee offers two sizes of drinks medium and large and the price difference between them is not significant. In this way they encourage their customers to buy the bigger size, because the amount of the drink is bigger and is on almost the same price as the medium one. But even the medium size of cappuccino is served in a cup with the size of soup bowl, so Costa Coffee has a reason to charge a relatively higher price because of the value they give, even though in most cases customers do not need such a big amount of drink although they have to pay for it. In this way, Costa is able to sell cheaper coffee to regular customers, who are aware of the amount of the drink (with elastic demand) and sell more expensive coffee to infrequent visitors, therefore the cafeteria makes big profit from each cup of coffee. This is the corporate strategy and how Costa found a way to charge comparatively higher prices than most of their competitors. This strategy has some disadvantages and threats such as the present credit crunch, which might affect the sales and the budget of Costa Coffee as they target middle and upper middle class, therefore in the time of recession customers may prefer some of the cheaper competitors. 9. Pricing strategy that we will adopt competition based pricing strategy One of the biggest advantages of the Competition based pricing strategy is that in the same time you are focused on your business and objectives and on the competitions strategies. Once you understand what the competition is doing, you have the chance to do everything better and to gain a competitive advantage (Jobber 2008), therefore to increase the number of customers and to gain bigger market share. There are three types on competition based pricing methods: †¢ †¢ †¢ Price your product the same as the competitor Set your price to increase customer base Seek larger market share through price Compared to Costa Coffee we are fairly new to the market so it would be more appropriate for BESO to adopt the Competition based pricing as a strategy that will allow us to grow fast as competitive brand. In order to achieve biggest results we will match/mix the three competition-based pricing methods. BESO will offer similar products as/like the Costas products but on lower prices, therefore BESOs market department must always be aware of what the competition is offering in order to provide better value for money. In this way BESO will has the opportunity to outline its advantages as comparing similar products as those of the competition but on lower prices (even pence). Once customers understand our priorities they will use to come to BESO as a place, which offers better value for money, 8 9 The Marketing Profession. therefore we will increase our market share (Palmer and Hartley 2006). In terms of increasing customer base, the process is similar to market penetration, we have to select a price that will beat the competition and doing that we will motivate customer to notice our products and to make a purchase decision. Market penetration pricing works well in the introduction stage of the product life cycle and in a highly competitive market, as you increase the production some of your costs will decrease. During the next stages of the product life cycle the price can be increased (Jobber 2010). The easiest way to increase the market share of BESO is to select prices that will attract and hold as many customers as possible (depend on target). It is recommended to adopt the Market share pricing after the business achieved market penetration, because they are linked as the market share happens when large volume of products are sold. So it is better if things happen step by step. And finally the market share is calculated by dividing the amount of each company sells out of the total market and in this way the market leader is determined. 9. 1. Disadvantages of Competition based pricing †¢ †¢ †¢ There is a danger to ignore your own production cost if you focus too closely on the competitors prices. It takes more time to research and update competitors information. Competitors also can copy whatever price you select. 10. Customer service Loyalty is particularly low in the coffee shop market, making customer retention a key area of improvement going forward (Mintel 2012). At the start of 2012 Costa Coffee launched the ‘Just How Do You Like Yours? ’ campaign. It aims to highlight the customizable elements of its products, a key differentiator to its lower-priced non-specialist competitors such as EAT and Pret A Manger. A clear pricing strategy was also included in order to appeal to consumer’s sense of value for money. For example, customers can now add an extra shot of espresso or sugar-free syrup shots to their drinks for 35p per unit. Also, in 2011 Costa Coffee launched gift cards (Mintel 2012). Although consumers state that convenient location is more important to them than the brand of coffee chain, operators can still capture consumers’ attention through qualities other than price. For example, two in three users think that quality is the most important decision-making factor when choosing where to buy hot drinks, whilst nearly half disagree that they usually choose the cheapest venue. However, with so many brands trading off of a quality positioning, operators have to ensure that they are differentiating themselves on additional levels, hence the trend towards lifestyle branding in the wider eating out market (Mintel 2012). Costa Coffee’s reputation for excellence applies not only for the exceptional coffee but also the insistence on perfect service. â€Å"Recruiting and retaining highly motivated and talented people is essential and great emphasis is placed on improving the skills, expertise and 9 10 The Marketing Profession performance of our people through award winning, industry-leading training and developing programs† (Mintel 2012). 11. Costa Coffee’s attitude towards environmental issues Consumers are extremely careful about environmental issues, trying to buy environmentally friendly food and drinks. Most of the customers feel that it is their duty to save the environment in order to live healthier. That is why most companies are under a lot of pressure to change their attitude towards the environment most often related to greener, packaging solutions, recycling and many others. Costa Coffee is the first UK coffee chain buying beans from Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ farms. From October last year, almost 100% of the coffee beans for Mocha Italia blend are from certified sustainable farms. Costa Coffee is also a member of UK Paper Cup Recycling Committee, their cups are made from sustainable sources and that’s saves about 1,100 trees a year. The ingredients from which the cups are made of are all from iconic recyclable material and are made using only certified sustainable pulp. Vegetable Costa Coffee is also concerned about its coffee-growers and in 2006 it registered a Costa Foundation, dealing with the improvement of the welfare of coffee-growing places like Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Uganda and Vietnam. Costa Coffee is also a partner with Cafechurch network, supporting local community. The organization deals with environmental issues, fair trade, divorce and stress problems and others. People are feeling well, being part of a great atmosphere, live music, good communication, and a lot of interviews, having the opportunity to understand more about the Costa Coffee Foundations. 12. The competitor’s CSR activity Costa Coffee is not achieving basic standard of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The coffee company does not give a specific data for the carbon footprint. Its environmental data is part of the environmental data of its parent company-Whitbread. 13. What is your attitude to CSR/environmental issues going to be? The aims that Costa Coffee manages to do are quite a lot. Some of the first ones are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Developing Costa Coffees energy environmental strategy. Managing carbon reporting and ensuring compliance for CRC. Maintaining the ISO50001 system. Working with manufacturer’s waste contractors and NGO to improve takeaway cup recycling. 10 11 †¢ †¢ The Marketing Profession Developing Costa Good Together CR programme . By 2012/13 Costa Coffee aims to help 15, 000, providing them access to education. That target will help to bring together the communities, helping adults to find jobs and trades. The coffee chain aim is to raise ? 750,000 alone during 2012/13. Costa Coffee will try to dedicate Energy Environment Manager in Costa Coffee. That will be useful, trying to insure more control and to organize the best structured plan for the company. Costas cardboard cups are not recyclable, even though the cardboard can be recycled. The other ingredient in the cardboard cups, the ink and the glue, cannot be recycled. The target environmental plan of Costa Coffee is to use vegetable ink and degradable glue on its cups. Costa Coffee is raising money to build schools in regions where a lot of coffee farms take place. There are already 22 schools in developing countries. That makes a big difference for a lot of young people who have the opportunity to study. Costa Foundation is also taking care for the supplement of special healthy nutritious meals and laptops for the children. †¢ †¢ †¢ 14. Conclusion Based on the researches and analysis that have been done BESO has a great potential to use Costa’s disadvantages and to convert them into our opportunities for prosperity. Offering similar products as those of Costa Coffee but on lower prices and in the same time launching our own products (BESO’s cupcakes) is a good strategy to gain a competitive advantage. Slight changes in the interior design of our cafeteria would be refreshing and a good way to attract new customers. Furthermore increasing our advertising activities would be an opportunity to remind our customers and in the same time to inform our new potential customers about BESO’s fantastic services and great value for money. 15. References Baker S. (2003), New Consumer Marketing, West Sussex, John Wiley Sons Ltd Cooper D., Schindler P. (2011), Business Research Methods, New York, McGraw Hill Education Economics Help (2008), Costa Coffee UK and Sales Techniques. Available at: http://econ. economicshelp. org/2008/08/costa-coffee-uk-and-sales-techniques. html [Accessed: 20th March 2012]. Government of Alberta (2012), Methods to Price Your Products. Available at: http://www1. agric. gov. ab. ca/$department/deptdocs. nsf/all/agdex1133#competition [Accessed: 20th March 2012] Jobber D. (2010), Principles and Practice of Marketing, London, McGraw Hill Education 11 12 The Marketing Profession Kotler P. , Armstrong G. (2006), Principles of Marketing, The United States of America, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LinkedIn (2011), Costa Coffee Energy and Environment Manager at Whitbread. Available at: http://uk. linkedin. com/pub/ollie-rosevear/14/672/948 [Accessed: 20th March 2012] Mintel (2012), Brand Communication and Promotion. Available at: http://academic. mintel. com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=59 0036/display/id=611992#hit1 [Accessed: 20th March 2012] Mintel.

The Determinants of Inflation

The Determinants of Inflation This research provides some interesting facts and phenomena. It has been observed that how inflation can be affected by different factors in the Pakistan economy. How monetary policy and others have impact on inflation. This study reveals some interesting concepts which usually been understood by general. This study covers the aspects in which research analyze that how aggregate demand and money supply can put impact on inflation. The study examine that whether or not by increasing aggregate demand and money supply, the price increase or vice versa. The aggregate demand and money supply used as independent variables and inflation as dependent variable, these all are scale variables. The statistical model apply in the study is Multi Linear Regression given in the SPSS. Key Words: Aggregate Demand, Inflation, Money Supply CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In this section, the researcher has briefly explained the literature based background of topic of the research, objective of research, methodology adopted in research, research questions followed by hypothesis which were tested in this research study. Overview In the field of economics and finance, inflation and the discount rate policy have very crucial role, discount rate is used as an instrument by Central bank of the country to control the money supply and also inflation. In economics rise in prices is basically known as Inflation or where the supply of increase but actually as we seen in the live situation that both increases side by side. The change in money supply has not been affected by output or the elasticity of output supply has decreasing and become to zero in the impact of money supply when true inflation begins. If inflation is just a general increase in prices as popular thinking has it, then why is it regarded as bad news? What kind of damages does it do? So thats why inflation is most important concern of people as Inflation has put strong impact on the life style of the people. Pakistan is facing the situation of increase in prices because of the increase in demand while on other hand supply respectively constant. To han dle this phenomenon, state bank use discount rate as a tool to handle the money supply and demand. When they want to decrease the inflation, discount rate will increase which causes the decrease of money supply, so by doing this, supply will cope up with the demand of money. Currently if we viewed the situation of underdeveloped countries as well as the developed economies, both are suffer from this inflationary pressure. The whole world according to the current scenario dealing with the pressure of prices increasing phenomena, this is just because of different reason in which we seen that inflation rate was on higher side than the previous years and this also due to increasing unemployment situation, these things are difficult for all to handle the Inflation. So the aim of initializing this research is put focus on how Pakistani authorities taking steps to control the phenomena of inflation, so considering these, steps taken by Pakistani government are precise or not. By initializi ng these steps, Pakistani government will successful to lower down the prices or not. This study is helpful for under developing countries like Pakistan to understand that the factors which are aggregate demand and money supply have some impact on inflation or not. These factors would be the main determinants of inflation in Pakistan like economy or not which is under process towards prosperity. Objective Of The Study The main target of this research is look at the role of different factors and their impact on inflation in the Pakistan economy. How inflation is affected by the aggregate demand and money supply. The aggregate demand and money supply increase then these will have direct impact on inflation or not. Problem Statement It is very important to see the role of inflation in economic environment by all concern personnel. The economy of Pakistan has going towards upward trend from last few years, although there are yet some unsolved very important issues in the economy. The largest issue of the economy is the inflation. In this study, we try to look at the factors affecting inflation, its main causes in this economic scenario of Pakistan and there measures to handle or overcome these. As the core problem, authorities or concern personnel keen to know that how inflation rises and what determinants like money supply and aggregate demand actually have play strong role to maneuver the inflation. They also want to know that whether by increase in money supply, inflation rise or decrease due to reduction in money supply. It is also important to know that when aggregate demand increases, prices goes in upward direction or vice versa. This also knows able that inflation may be impact by money supply or aggregat e demand individually or collectively. Research Questions The researcher has developed following research questions according to the statement of the problem: Q1. Does increase in inflation is because of increase in Aggregate Demand? Q2. Does increase in Money Supply cause to increase in Inflation? Q3. Is there significant relationship between price increase and increase in money supply? 1.5 Research Hypotheses Considering the research questions of the study researcher have developed following hypothesis: H1: inflation is increasing due to increase in money supply H2: inflation is rising due to increase in aggregate demand H3: there is no significant relationship between price increase and increase in money supply Outline Of The Research This research examines the impact of aggregate demand and money supply only on the inflation in the current scenario of Pakistan. In this study researcher would try to analyze a relationship among the factors (aggregate demand and money supply) and inflation. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Our research is about determinants of inflation. The selected research papers are associated with the inflation; discuss how inflation affects the different economies and its causes. These researches which have been selected and studied for building our concepts about inflation and its impact on economy, were covering different issues of inflation happening in world economy, and as per requirement of need and problems. It also based on the different needs of different areas and the attitude of markets and economies of the host (researchers) objectives. The research is conduct when the problem is arises and defined then the researcher work starts and they study the issue and try to find some solutions and their remedies. The paper investigates the association between inflation and output growth on the Turkish economy. The researcher used GARCH model in his study to investigate the relationship along with granger causality test. The variables used in this research were inflation, output growth, real and nominal uncertainty. The researcher emphasis was basically on the point that Turkish inflation was affected by output growth or not. The research covers the period from 1986 to 2007 and use monthly data of Turkish economy. In the study, by using GARCH, the researcher looks on conditional means and variances of inflation and output growth and covariance among each other. The researcher also used the BIC and AIC optimal lag-length algorithm. It took the consumer price index and industrial production index which used for price level and production output. Researcher took the log of CPI for obtaining inflation for the purpose of investigating the inflation and output growth relationship. The findings of th e research include the sum of estimated inflation coefficients is -0.042 and ARCH parameter is calculated as 0.360 and 0.426 for output growth and inflation equation respectively. GARCH parameter for output growth is 0.234 and less than 1, so the ARCH parameters are greater than the GARCH parameters which present the view that short term effect are more than the long term effect. The researcher deduces the result that Turkish inflation is effected by output growth by nominal uncertainty channel. This research is important in its own for coming days because of the global economic crises, high level of output growth is induce by foreign capital will decline and this decline would increase the inflation in near future. Further in literature review, we study the inflation targeting and core inflation, here researcher looks at the association of core inflation and inflation targeting used as monetary policy. Basically core inflation is the measure of inflation in which food and energy prices are excluded. Real output of the economy has no real impact which be long run from the inflation rate or the changes in input prices developed by inflation rate (Quah and Vahey 1995; Eckstein 1981). The main emphasis of the research is the inflation in different countries. Policy makers dont want to include short term or temporary changes in inflation, so they wish to focus how these temporary changes exclude from inflation to able to get the real results. Core inflation is an idea that is use as measure the future inflation because it eliminates the temporary shocks those policy makers does not want to take in. The method used in this research was ordinary least square model and auto regressive model. Variables taken in the study were real GDP, CPI, trimmed mean (limited-influence estimator), the frequency of data used in the research range from 1980 to 1990 and early 2000 and the study sample was the data on quarterly basis of 12 countries. The study confirms that monetary policy has direct impact on core inflation (gives the forecast future inflation). Weighted average of both Trimmed mean and lagged inflation used empirically for the estimation of Core inflation. Two views drawn from this research were, first one is the inflation targeting has made the level of accommodation different for the central or reserve banks, although, inflation and non-inflation targeters after inflation targeting begins same. Secondly, since the early 1980s the public appears to believe that central banks of the countries are fairly non-accommodative and inflation targeting did not alter this perception. The researcher examines the possible interaction of conditional means and variances by accommodating the lenient and interactive framework whose impact on real activity by uncertainty of inflation. The model used in this research MGARCH and variables used for the research were inflation, inflation uncertainty, price, GDP deflator and CPI. The data frequency ranges from 1966 to 1979 and 1966 to 2000 on yearly basis. The importance of research is due to global economic conditions, so thats why others authors put their suggestion that the rate of investment which is decrease due to uncertainty of inflation is basically deter the long run contracts or by rising the option value which actually an irreversible investment. So thats why reduction in allocation in price system efficiency is because of inflation uncertainty which basically integrated to the relative price variation increment. The researcher reexamines the effects of inflation volatility by integrating the identified variance w ith MGARCH. The researcher find that the multivariate GARCH and VAR is give the reasonable explanation of the data. The main findings of the research is that the inflation has significantly reduced by real economic activity during 1982 post era, the research also concludes that average shock to inflation uncertainty has try to reduce output growth. The reduction in volatility in inflation process is due to macroeconomics policies which likely to speed up the overall growth. Furthermore; we studied the research on commodity prices, wages and U.S inflation in twentieth century which investigate the impact of primary commodity prices and wages on U.S inflation with respect to markup pricing. The methodology used in this research is Regression analysis and variables are inflation, markup pricing, primary commodity prices and wages. The researcher use annual data ranging from 1900 to 2001 of U.S economy. This researcher find that commodity prices and wages completely pass through into inflation of finished goods prices with both input have positive significant impact. So the rate of change U.S producer index have affected by these factors. The study deduce that aggregate demand growth has a negative affect on markup which further negatively impacted on finished goods inflation after controlling prices. The other one is the food prices, expectation and inflation. The main emphasis of the researcher is on food prices plays a special role in the formation of consumers expectations of inflation appears to be widely held by policy makers. The model used for this purpose is regression analysis and data used from 1950 to 1970 late on quarterly basis of United State. The variables used in the study were Food prices, rate of inflation, and wages of labor. The researcher investigates relationship of money growth, output growth and inflation. For this purpose, data of 81 countries used covering period from 1980-1993. The M2 growth rates (average) used to explain the cross-section inflation rates. The co-efficient of M2 growth are strikingly close to one where inflation and money growth high. Through study, it identify that these countries whose money growth and inflation relatively low. The estimated co-efficient of money growth was only 0.69, so a less complete explanation of inflation offers by quantity theory. Growth of Money GDP was nearly and consistent with monetary neutrality the research forms on money growth, output growth and inflation as key variables. The model, quantity theory is a mostly used model of inflation but not for those where long-run found low. The researcher found during its study that real GDP growth can be used to mitigate inflation. For this, some variables those are exogenous forces like growth in technologi cal progress, physical capital information and human capital. Through this study, researcher found that role of real GDP growth and money as determinants of inflation. Further in our literature review, we study another perspective of inflation on economy. By studying this paper, we found that hoe inflation process affect the economy in different ways and different variables of inflation. High and persistent inflation of this kind is labeled chronic inflation (Beckerman 1992). The researcher developed an error correction model to analyses the relationship of dynamics and long run determinants of chronic inflation. In this paper, researcher uses the Johansen procedure to test the integration in the foreign exchange markets and money. The study reveals that the oil prices, interest rate, output and money dynamically affects the domestic inflation which determined by exchange rate and foreign prices in long run. The researcher deduces that increase in inflation was transmitted to next p eriods inflation where price has a positive co-efficient. So the study reveals that the increase in overall inflation was due to an increase in oil price or in money growth, and also due to increase in rate of devaluation of the exchange rate increase while output growth goes up, the inflation decreases. Another aspect has been studied to understand the relationship between inflation and growth. Here researcher investigates the matter which is growth and threshold effect of inflations existence. The research findings reveal that for industrial countries, threshold reveals of inflation at 1-3 percent and for developing countries at 11-12 percent, where now growth of inflation was estimated. The researcher also points out that the relationship between inflation and growth was negative and significant when inflation rates above the threshold level. The researcher used data of 140 developing and industrialized countries covering time period 1980-1998.Statiscally, the threshold level of inflation consider significant at 1 percent or less. The research is about relation between assets return and inflation in large developed economies, data of 41 national markets including time series and cross-section of expected return. The researcher deduces that negative time series relation between realized asset return and realized inflation. This negative relation appears when returns of long horizon were examined. The researcher also examine that inflation hedge do not serve by equity returns country by country. So when seeing relation between co-relation of asset returns and inflation, in low inflation states that high, world and U.S equity market were more co-related with returns of emerging markets. This shows that there was very little difference between volatility of low and high inflation states in emerging and developed. The results of the study reveal that inflation can be a national equity attitude. Researcher found that differences in inflation states can be differentiate expected returns and have stringer impact to di fferentiate the volatility in different economies. The differences in inflation rates was explain 31 percent of variation in average returns and 59 percent volatility of cross-section in same market across the 41 countries. Here researcher analyzes the effects of high and uncertain inflation. Data used of forty four countries and covering period of twenty years. Researcher deduce that uncertainly has a strong impact on inflation across countries, relation, while in some cases, there are some relation exist between inflation and uncertainty within country relation, but not so strong within 44 countries, 18 of these were industrialized and remaining were developed. Researcher used Okuns hypothesis to test the rationality of the data. Researcher deduce that positive significant co-relation exist cross-country wise, while co-relation was weak within country. So result shows that 15 countries have a positive significant coefficient which was at least one. This paper analyzes the dominant factors, which affect the inflation in Nigeria. Researcher used error correction model of inflation process which based on money market equilibrium conditions. Data used covering period from 1985 to1995. Researcher examines devaluation of the naira and agro climate conditions. Researcher found that depreciation of naira on inflation has been affected significantly by monetary and fiscal policies. The result shown the prices increased through devaluation although these counteracted by proper implementation of policies. Researcher also found that a tight policy major reduces the impact of devaluation on domestic prices during mid 80s. While in early 90s devaluation magnifies the impact on inflation during excessive expansionary policies. The rate of inflation has been influenced by agro climate conditions and this has major impact on overall movements in prices. This research examines that issue of nonlinear effects of inflation on economic growth. Researcher founds that the economic growth relative to inflation has a significant structural break. This structural break was established when inflation was at 8 percent. Growth does not more on slightly affected by inflation below that rate. Data used in this research covering period from 1950 to 1980. While the growth has been significantly affect by inflation when inflation rate was above 8 percent. The research also examines the fact which explains that the effect of inflation on growth estimated was biased by factor of these, when structural break was ignored. So when structural break was considered, economic growth increases by factor of these by the estimated affect of inflation. This means that estimated affect of inflation has shown significant base when structural break exists. By this phenomenon, researcher deduces that when average annual rate of inflation was 8 percent, the point of structural break was estimated to occur. This also deduce that economic growth had not been affected or slightly positive affected when inflation was low, while on other side, economic growth has significantly negatively affected by inflation when it was high. Further in literature review, we studied the theoretical relationship between the size of capital stock and in economy and rate of inflation. This research reveals the fact that shows how capital stock in an economy affected by inflation. The researcher presents some time serious evidence. Researchers used VAR model for thirty four countries. The study reveals the facts which investigate by researchers were that majority of countries had not affect capital stock significantly by inflation process statically. Capital stock affected while inflation not to be super neutral, the co-efficient were positive and capital stock less affected. The researcher use data which comprise private and public capital. The public capital financed by revenues partly, which could lead positive relation between inflation and capital stock. Garber (1982) has argued that some of the transition costs after the German hyper inflation were due to the fact that private investment was no longer subsidized out of seignior age revenues. Researcher found that behavior of government could lead positive relation. The researcher deduces that across country differences in the relationship between inflation and capital stock produced by tax authorities through their different treatments of depreciation and nominal interest deductibility. Further in our understanding about inflation and its causes, we study the issue which examines high trend inflation countries predicted by sticky price models based on menu cost. The researcher used country specific approach to see how output affected by demands smaller impact and less persistent output fluctuations. The researcher used two stage estimation methodologies to examine the issue. Data used in this research comprise 51 countries covering period of 1950-1996. The researcher found from his research that output fluctuations would be persistence while short run impact effects perceived through price stickiness. In this paper, study reveals menu cost model of price stickiness which predicts the high trend inflation should lead to smaller impacts effect of nominal demand shocks (Ball et al. 1988) and less persistence in output fluctuations (Kiley 2000) Through two stage approach, using international data both studies find support. Researcher investigate that the output persistence within countries has affected trend inflation. The researcher deduce that hyper inflation emerge in those countries of high average inflation. Researchers found the strong support that inflation with high trend has lower impact within countries, so that output persistence in individual country not affected by trend inflation. That means important source of short run impact effects could be price stickiness. Furthermore, the role of money demand and money supply which determines the potential of inflation. In Switzerland at beginning of eighties, upward movement of price level was seen. The main issue to conduct this research was that through determining the growth of monetary base, monetary aggregate growth can be controlled. The role of the price level as the equilibrating valuable in the money market can be understood by considering an individual and market experiment (Laidler, 1985). Data used from 1980 to 1987. The main target of the paper is to find out how price levels stabilize over a long term horizon. So rise in income has to maintain pace with money supply in growing economy, the growth of output equal to money stock which expanded at output rate. The researcher using econometrical evidence suggest that price level with a growth trend of M1 that is lower then the potential income growth. The study describe that inflation rate of one present means M1 growth was one percent whic h greater than the base line. The empirical analysis of the study shows that fluctuations of the price level incur from movements of interest rates. So variation in nominate interest was due to inflationary expectations changes. The study explains that constant arte of secular consistent with nominal money stock. It means money growth unchanged with the demand. So that why the smoother price level will result with steady money growth. On other hand, changes in marginal productivity of capital which affect the real interest were due to technical progress, government deficit change in tax rate. The researcher deduces that such shocks can be put their impact on economy like Swiss. So thats why monetary policy has an important role to detect and react against these real factors which affect interest rate. Reaction of monetary policy means money supply by reduced the impact of such factors those cause to increase the interest and vice versa. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this chapter, researcher has discussed method of data collection, sampling technique, sample size, instrument of data collection, content validity of instrument, reliability of the instrument and researched model developed. 3.1 Method of Data Collection Normally data is taken from the specific method and techniques through the questionnaires or through observation. But in this case we take the data from other sources which is already been used and also bias less. Data is used as the secondary data, which is collected electronically from the website of State Bank of Pakistan and other websites. The yearly inflation rate (CPI) of Pakistan is taken from the official web site of Sate Bank of Pakistan and also the yearly data of GDP as aggregate demand and M2 as Money Supply. The study adopts qualitative and quantitative paradigms. The study uses mixed method design with chi-square and correlation as quantitative mode of inquiry, and ground theory as qualitative mode of inquiry. 3.2 Sample Design Sample is taken as the yearly basis to test the correlation between inflation and aggregate demand. We use the yearly data instead of monthly because the GDP is not available on monthly basis. In this research we will use purposive sampling technique, because we will collect data only from Banks (SBP), some business journals, government sources. The data having very high number of observations which is helpful to use MLR model of SPSS. 3.3 Sample size Sample is the 41 number of observation, which is taken on yearly basis and the data of 41 years covering the time period from 1970 to 2010. This is healthy number of observations in any data to take the result on multi linear regression model (MLR) N= 41 The data used in this research is reliable and bias less, because it is taken directly from the consult authorities which assure the accuracy of data. The data firstly was taken of 10 years on the monthly basis but later we summaries it to see the significant and clear impact of aggregate demand and money supply on inflation, then we take the yearly data of all the variables. 3.4 Research model developed This study is focuses on the issue of inflation. Here we try to look what are those factors which can put impact or create influence on the inflation in the economy of Pakistan. For this purpose we take two independent variables which are GDP as aggregate demand and money supply and a response or dependent variable which is inflation as CPI. We took 41 years data for this study on yearly basis, so we can take a brief analysis on the phenomena of inflation. How it can be manageable in the current situation and how actually these factors can affect inflation in the Pakistan economy as real determinant of inflation. To test the hypothesis, we use multiple linear regressions MLR as statistical tool, for this we check that data is normal or not, is there any linearity among the data and the data or variables are serially correlated. We check these through different statistical means which shown in appendix. Here we see that the data is not linear and there is high autocorrelation or seria l correlation exists. So for this, we use log transformation to make data linear and reduce the correlation within the data to test our research hypothesis, we take logs of our predictors and response or dependent variables. We see still there is some non-linearity exists, and then we take difference of the variables (regressively) along with log transformation. We try to analyze the relation between GDP, MS and Inflation. By taking difference and log transformation, we apply the linear regression and still main assumption of the MLR not view, the autocorrelation removed and linearity exist but data become non-normal. We use different combination of variables to develop a fit model to test our research hypothesis. Lastly we come up with the model which we consider to use to test our research hypothesis and its findings discuss in the coming chapter. The equation used in our study Ln_dif_ Inf = ÃŽÂ ±+ ÃŽÂ ²1 Ln_dif _gdp + ÃŽÂ ²2 Ln_dif_ms +ÃŽÂ µ Here in this equation Ln_dif_Inf = shows the response or dependent variable after taking log transformation with difference of values. ÃŽÂ ± (alpha) = Constant term Ln_dif_gdp = shows the independent variable after taking log transformation with difference of values. Ln_dif_ms = shows the independent variable after taking log transformation with difference of values. and = referred to as partial regression coefficient. 3.5 Statistical Technique The Multi linear regression is used to conclude the result of data, because two variables are used as independent variable and one variable as dependent to observation and the scale data is used. One inflation and others are independent GDP as aggregate, M2 as Money Supply. So Multi Linear Regression is better option to evaluate the data being taken. Regression analysis is used to test the hypothesis and ANNOVA is used to see the variance. Due to expected presence of two predictors and the dependent variable most probably Multi Linear Regression is used to study the impact of MS and AD on Inflation. Linear regression is very easy to interpretation of result and to assess the result of given data. Regression developed the graphical presentation of two variables which are taken in research as data, the linear regression shows one variable on X axis and the other one variable on Y axis. The correlation of both variables can easily justify on the basis of slope line which is presenting the relation of two variables. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS RESULTS To test the hypothesis, we use MLR with two predictors and one response variables to see the impact of aggregate demand and money supply on inflation. After apply the tool, we got the results which shows us different point of view than the researcher develop to initialize this study. The researcher wants to see that H1: inflation is increasing due to increase in money supply H2: inflation is rising due to increase in aggregate demand H3: there is no significant relationship between price increase and increase in money supply Making data linear and remove autocorrelation within the data by log transformation along with taking difference in values, we get the result in which the model summary table shows R, R Square and Adjusted R Square is round about 28%, 8% and 3% respectively, the purpose of seeing R values (correlation coefficients) which lies between 0 and 1, here the R is around 0.28 which shows the small positive correlation between the variables. The R Square coefficient of determination) is about .08 or 8% which describe or explain the 8% variability in the data, if R Square equal to zero means, no variance exists. Here in the research the R Square is 0.08 which is near to zero, so we can say that there is almost very low variance in the data explain by model. As research study use two independent variables, so adjusted R Square is more impor